#IRLHistoricalFigureCharlesDarwin "At some stage, the Human Species will divide. Whilst most will continue to evolve, a minority of those lacking the intellectual capacity of thought, will develop as a sub-species. Being easily lead, form into Packs attempting to control the majority. They will deny biology, attempt to undo the centuries of human development by re-writing history, and gradually revert to their Primate Origins. They will expect all to conform to their point of view without question." #OtheringOutGroupGangMob #MetaphorTransformationEvolution

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Supplementary #IRLScientistBiologistStevenRose "Darwin was, after all, a man of his time, class and society. True, he was committed to a monogenic, rather than the prevailing polygenic, view of human origins, but he still divided humanity into distinct races according to differences in skin, eye or hair colour. He was also convinced that evolution was progressive, and that the white races--especially the Europeans--were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races, thus establishing race differences and a racial hierarchy. Darwin's views on gender, too, were utterly conventional. He stated that the result of sexual selection is for men to be, 'more courageous, pugnacious and energetic than woman [with] a more inventive genius. His brain is absolutely larger [...] the formation of her skull is said to be intermediate between the child and the man' (Darwin 1871). Although female choice explains sexual selection, it is the males who evolve in order to meet the chosen criteria of strength and power; such nineteenth century differentiation between the sexes was crucial in providing an alleged biological basis for the superiority of the male." ^[Government] Rose S. 'Darwin, Race and Gender'. EMBO Rep. 2009 Apr;10(4):297-8. doi: 10.1038/embor.2009.40. PMID: 19337295; PMCID: PMC2672903. #EDUUKUniversityOpenOU #TheoryChemicalPhlogiston ^[Wikipedia] #TheoryChemicalPhlogistonDephlogisticate #TheoryBiogeographicalAncestryBGA

#EDUUKUniversityOpenOU #TheoryInstrumentalism / #PleaNeutrality

"Reading about the early intelligence research is always difficult for psychologists because it requires them to face one of the gloomiest episodes in the history of their discipline. However, awareness darker side of intelligence research is important for two reasons. First, it alerts us to the potential problems with interpreting performance on intelligence tests, especially in terms of cultural and class bias. This is a topic that we will return to in Chapter 3. Second, scientific racism, of the kind manifested in the interpretation of the results of the army testing programme, is not just of historical interest. Claims about certain ethnic and racial groups possessing inferior intelligence still circulate in society, and are often found in propaganda of far-right movements (William and Law, 2012). Moreover, far-right movements have been helped in their project by some misinformed and discredited interpretations of psychological research, including The Bell Curve which you read about in Section 1. Such works continue to attribute differences in performance on a set of tests to differences in innate ability, rather than to differences in education, experience or opportunities, or the biased nature of the tests. The history of intelligence research provides a powerful reminder of why it is important to debunk this kind of bad science, which still raises its ugly head every now and then" (p.61). https://www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/the-open-university/investigating-psychology-1/chapter-2-32-3-in-depth-notes-on-the-investigating-intelligence-textbook-from-the-de100-module/16844027 Possible source: Jovan Byford, Jean McAvoy, Philip Banyard (2014) 'Investigating Intelligence', Milton Keynes, The Open University. #OtheringDiscriminationRacism #TheoryPsychology #BeliefPseudoscienceScientificRacism ^[Wikipedia]

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Supplementary ^{[United Nations]} And https://www.wired.co.uk/article/superior-the-return-of-race-science-angela-saini